A

Ablation

Destruction of tissue using techniques such as a diathermy loop or laser.

Abortion

A spontaneous miscarriage (less than 20 weeks into a pregnancy)

Adenomyosis

Adenomyosis is when the tissue that normally lines the uterus (the endometrium) grows into the muscular walls of the uterus.

Adhesions

Scar tissue that is formed by bleeding endometriosis lesions, infection, and after surgery. This scar tissue can bind together internal organs and surfaces → Read more

Adhesiolysis

Surgical removal of adhesions / scar tissue.

Adjuvants

A therapy used in conjunction with another; ie. hormonal treatment after surgery.

Adnexal mass

A growth (mass) that grows around the uterus, usually in the area of the Fallopian tubes, ovaries, or neighbouring connective tissue.

Adnexal torsion

A twisting of the ovary or (rarely) the Fallopian tube.

Aetiology

The cause and nature of a disease or illness.

Agonist

A chemical that binds to some receptor of a cell and triggers a response by that cell. Agonists often mimic the action of a naturally occurring substance.

Alkaline haematin method

This measures menstrual blood loss by collecting sanitary products and extracting the blood.

Amenorrhoea

Refers to a woman who is not having her period, either because of a medical condition or because her menstruation is being suppressed by drug treatment.

Anaemia

A reduced blood count that results in a lack of oxygen to the tissues, often caused by blood loss, poor nutrition, or exposure to toxins.

Androgen

Male sex hormones.

Andrologist

A physician-scientist who performs (laboratory) evaluations of male fertility. Usually affiliated with a fertility treatment centre working on in vitro fertilisation.

Androstenedione

One of the androgens (male hormones) that are naturally present in women (other androgens include testosterone and DHEAS.) These hormones play an important role in ovulation. High levels of androgens in women may indicate an abnormality in the ovulation process.

Aneuploidy

The loss or gain of one or more chromosomes.

Anomaly

A malformation or abnormality in any part of the body.

Anorexia nervosa

A potentially life-threatening eating disorder; self-imposed starvation. In addition to severe weight loss and malnutrition it may also cause anovulation.

Anovulation

The absence of ovulation. A woman can still be having menstrual periods, but she is not ovulating.

Anovulatory bleeding

The type of menstruation associated with absence of ovulation – it may be spotty and of short duration, or heavy, or in irregular patterns.

Antagonist

A drug or other substance that exerts an opposite action to that of another, or competes for the same receptor sites. An oestrogen antagonist, for example, blocks oestrogen.

Antepartum

The pre-delivery pregnancy period.

Anterior

Top or upper.

Antibodies

Chemicals made by the body to fight or attack foreign substances entering the body. Normally they prevent infection; however, if they attack the sperm or foetus, they can cause infertility. Sperm antibodies may be made by either the man or the woman.

Antifibrinolytics

Medicines used to thicken the blood by slowing down the breakdown of clots to reduce blood loss.

Aromatase

See: Oestrogen / Oestradiol

Artificial insemination (AI)

The depositing of sperm in the vagina near the cervix or directly into the uterus, with the use of a syringe instead of by sexual  intercourse.

Ascites

The build up of fluid in the abdomen (making it swollen and bloated).

Asherman’s syndrome

A condition where the uterine (womb) walls adhere to one another. Usually caused by inflammation of the uterus.

Assisted hatching

Perforating the zona pellucida (‘shell’ of the egg) to help the very early embryo (the blastocyst) escape, ie. to hatch. This can be done by needle, by the use of an acid tyrode, or by laser.

Assisted reproductive technology (ART)

The term used to describe several procedures used to bring about conception without sexual intercourse, including IUI, IVF, GIFT, and ZIFT.  → Read more

Atrophy

Thinning and decreased blood flow to tissue resultant from a lack of hormones, most commonly oestrogen.

Atypical

Irregular and/or different.

Autoimmune disorders

When a person has an autoimmune disorder, immune cells mistakenly attack the body’s own cells. Endometriosis is not an autoimmune disease.

Azoospermia

The complete absence of sperm in semen (or seminal fluid).

B

Bacterial vaginosis infection

A vaginal infection that causes a burning sensation and a grey, malodorous, discharge. May interfere with fertility.

Basal body temperature (BBT)

The body reaches a basal metabolic temperature early in the morning when we are at rest. Charting this temperature variation helps determine when a woman ovulates.

Benign

Cells or tumours that are not malignant (ie. it is not cancer).

Beta hCG test

A blood test used to detect very early pregnancies and to evaluate the development of the embryo.

Bicornuate uterus

A congenital malformation of the uterus where the upper portion (horn) is duplicated.

Bilateral oophorectormy

Removal of both ovaries. → Read more

Bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy

Removal of both ovaries and fallopian tubes. → Read more

Bioavailability

The effectiveness of a drug or other substance to reach the affected tissue.

Biopsy

The removal and examination of tissue from the body for diagnostic purposes.

Bladder neck

Junction between the urethra and the bladder

Blastocyst

The very early embryo that will, eventually, form the foetus.

Bulimia

An eating disorder characterised by voracious eating followed by forced vomiting. The resulting weight loss and malnutrition may cause anovulation.

Bowel resection

A surgical procedure performed when a blockage of the intestines occurs. The procedure removes the portion of the bowel where the obstruction is located. → Read more

C

Caesarian section (C-section)

An operation to deliver a baby through a cut made in the tummy and womb. The cut is usually made across the tummy, just below your bikini line.

Candidiasis

A yeast infection that may be uncomfortable and itchy (also referred to as candida albicans).

Catheter

A hollow flexible tube that is passed into the body. In IVF, a special catheter is used to transfer fertilised embryos into the uterus.

Cauterise

To burn tissue with electric current (electrocautery) or with a laser. It is used in surgical procedures to remove unwanted tissue such as adhesions and endometriotic implants. Also used to control bleeding.

Cervical mucus

Secretions produced by the cervix, which prevents sperm and bacteria from entering the womb. However, at mid-cycle, under the influence of oestrogen, the mucus becomes thin, watery, and stringy to allow sperm to pass into the womb. See also: Cervix.

Cervical neoplasia (sometimes called dysplasia)

Abnormal cells in the cervix that are not cancerous but could develop into a cancer if left untreated.

Cervical smear

A sample of the cervical mucus examined under a microscope to assess the presence of oestrogen and white blood cells (which may indicate a possible infection).

Cervical stenosis

A blockage of the cervical canal from a congenital (born with) defect or from complications of surgical procedures.

Cervix

The bottom part of the uterus (womb) situated at the top of the vagina. The cervix remains closed during pregnancy and opens up to allow for the birth of a baby.

Chemical pregnancy

A short-lived pregnancy that can only be detected with a blood (pregnancy) test. When the term is used in connection with IVF, a chemical pregnancy may not be a pregnancy at all, but rather the result of the hCG injection creating a false-positive pregnancy test.

Chlamydia

A sexually transmitted infection caused by the microorganism chlamydia trachomatis. If left untreated it may cause pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), pelvic adhesions, and tubal blockage.

Chlomiphene citrate

A synthetic drug used to stimulate the hypothalamus and pituitary gland to increase follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinising hormone (LH) production.

Chocolate cyst (endometrioma)

A cyst in the ovary that is filled with old blood, which occurs when endometriosis invades an ovary. It is also known as an endometrioma.

Chorionic villi sampling (CVS)

A procedure that removes tissue from the start of the developing placenta to check for genetic abnormalities. The procedure is usually carried out early in the pregnancy (at 8-14 weeks) and can also be used to identify the sex of the baby.

Chromosome

The structures in the cell that carry the genetic material (genes), ie. the genetic messengers of inheritance. The human has forty-six chromosomes: twenty-three comes from the egg and twenty-three comes from the sperm.

Cilia

Tiny hairlike projections lining the inside surface of the fallopian tubes. The waving action of these “hairs” sweeps the egg toward the uterus.

Clinical pregnancy

Pregnancy where a foetal heart beat is detected.

Clitoris

The small erectile sex organ of the female which contains large numbers of sensory nerves (ie. the female counterpart of the penis).

Clone

A perfect copy of a (DNA) molecule, a (stem) cell, or an individual.

Coagulation

A method of destroying endometrial lesions by dehydrating the cells with a bipolar or thermal coagulator.

Cohort

A ‘cohort study’ looks at groups of people, recording their exposure to certain risk factors, in order to find patterns and clues to the possible cause(s) of disease. Cohorts can be forward-looking (prospective) or backward-looking (retrospective).

Coitus

Intercourse; the sexual union between a man and a woman.

Complete Blood Count (CBC)

A routine blood test that analyses the three major types of cells in blood: red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. A CBC is a general indicator of overall health.

Conception

The fertilisation of an ovum (egg) by the sperm; the act of becoming pregnant.

Cone biopsy

A surgical procedure used to remove pre-cancerous cells from the cervix.

Congenital

A characteristic or defect present at birth. It is acquired during pregnancy but not necessarily hereditary.

Contraceptives

Any agent (drug) or device used for the prevention of conception (getting pregnant). → Read more

Controlled ovarian hyperstimulation (COH)

COH is when there is close monitoring of the use of fertility drugs to stimulate a large number of follicles in the ovary to develop and ovulate. This stimulation causes an enlargement of the ovaries.

Corpus luteum

The special gland that forms in the ovary at the site of the released egg following ovulation. This gland produces the hormone progesterone, which is responsible for preparing and supporting the uterine lining for implantation.

Cryoablation

Freezing technique to destroy the lining of the uterus.

Cryopreservation (cryostorage)

Frozen storage of sperm, eggs, embryos, or other reproductive tissue for later use.

Culdoscopy

A procedure by which an endoscope and light can be inserted through the posterior (back) wall of the vagina to examine the pelvic organs.

Cushing’s syndrome

A condition characterised by an overproduction of adrenal gland secretions.

Cyclical

Relating to the menstrual cycle.

Cystocele

Prolapse of the bladder into the vagina. This can be seen as a bulge from the anterior (front) wall of the vagina.

D

D&C (dilation and curettage)

Surgical dilation of the cervix followed by surgical scraping of the interior of the uterine cavity with a currette (spoon-shaped surgical instrument) to remove growths (eg. pregnancy, tumours, etc) or diseased tissue.

Delayed puberty

A condition in which the youngster fails to complete puberty and develop secondary sex characteristics by sixteen years of age. Puberty may be stimulated with hormonal replacement therapy. Some will outgrow the condition without treatment.

Denervation

Loss of neuronal connections.

Diabetes

A condition in which the glucose (sugar) in the blood is too high because the body is unable to use it properly. Diabetes may be responsible for decreased fertility and increased incidence of miscarriage.

Diathermy

The use of extreme electrical current to cauterise and destroy tissue. Diathermy ablation is used as a treatment for heavy menstrual bleeding to burn away the lining of the uterus.

Diethylstilbestrol (DES)

A synthetic oestrogen, prescribed in the 1950s and 1960s, formerly thought to have prevented miscarriage. Instead it may have caused certain problems, including infertility, in the children of the women who took DES. It is no longer prescribed for this indication.

Dihydroeprandrostone (DHEAS)

One of the androgens (male hormones) that are naturally present in women. (Other androgens include testosterone and androstenedione.) These hormones play an important role in ovulation. High levels of androgens in women may indicate an abnormality in the ovulation process.

Disease

A disease is defined as any deviation from or interruption of the normal structure or function of any part, organ, or system, or combination thereof, of the body that is manifested by a characteristic set of symptoms or signs.

Distensible

Ability to stretch and enlarge.

Donor insemination (DI)

When sperm from a male donor is placed into the woman’s vagina, cervix, or uterus to achieve pregnancy.

Doppler flow ultrasonography

Measures and visually records changes in the frequency of an ultrasonic wave, indicative of the change in velocity of the blood flow in the underlying vessels.

Dysfunctional uterine bleeding

Bleeding from the uterus that is abnormal, either in the amount of blood lost or the timing of the bleeding (or both) for which there is no pathological cause.

Dysmenorrhea

Painful menstruation. This may be a sign of endometriosis. → Read more

Dyspareunia

Pain when having sex. → Read more

E

Ectopic pregnancy

A pregnancy outside of the uterus, usually in the Fallopian tube.

Eggs (ova)

Female cells containing 23 chromosomes that are stored in the ovaries. When fertilised by sperm, an egg forms an embryo. A woman is born with all the eggs she will ever have. Each month, an egg is released during ovulation. If it is not fertilised, menstruation will occur about two weeks later. During IVF fertility drugs are given, which cause the ovaries to produce numerous eggs instead of just one.

Egg donation

The removal of an egg (ovum) from one woman to be used for another woman.

Egg retrieval

A procedure used to obtain eggs from ovarian follicles for use in in vitro fertilisation (IVF). The procedure may be performed during laparoscopy or by using a long needle and ultrasound to locate the follicle in the ovary.

Ejaculate

The fluid, containing sperm, that is released from a man’s penis during orgasm.

Electrocautery

Where a loop or rollerball is used to burn off the lining of the uterus.

Embryo

The early stages of foetal growth, from conception to the eighth week of pregnancy.

Embryologist

A scientist who is highly trained in embryo growth and development.

Embryo transfer

Placing an egg, fertilised outside the womb, into a woman’s uterus.

Empty sella syndrome

A condition that occurs when spinal fluid leaks into the bony chamber (fossa) housing the pituitary gland. The fluid pressure compresses the pituitary gland and may adversely affect its ability to secrete LH and FSH and may elevate prolactin levels.

Endometrial ablation

See ‘ablation’.

Endometrial biopsy

The extraction of a small sample of tissue from the uterus for examination (diagnostic purposes).

Endometrial cells

The cells that make up the lining of the uterus. These cells build up a thick lining cyclically, which is then discarded through menstrual flow.

Endometrial neoplasia

Any new or abnormal growth on the lining of the uterus, that may or may not be malignant.

Endometrial thinning

The use of techniques and/or treatments to thin the lining of the uterus.

Endometrioma (chocolate cyst)

A cyst in the ovary that is filled with old blood, also known as a ‘chocolate cyst’. It occurs when endometriosis invades an ovary.

Endometriosis

A painful condition where tissue similar to the lining of the uterus (womb) grows elsewhere in the body, where it causes local inflammation and scar tissue.  See also our section on endometriosis.

Endometritis

An inflammation or irritation of the lining of the uterus (the endometrium). It is not the same as endometriosis. It is typically caused by infections such as chlamydia, gonorrhoea, tuberculosis, or mixtures of normal vaginal bacteria and is more likely to occur after miscarriage or childbirth, especially after a long labour or caesarian section.

Endometrium

The mucus membrane (lining of the uterus) which grows and sheds in response to oestrogen and progesterone stimulation.

Endopelvic fascia

The fascia of the inner pelvis.

Endorphins

Natural narcotics manufactured in the brain to reduce sensitivity to pain and stress.

Enterocele

A true herniation into the top of the vagina. This results from loops of small bowel herniating through a fascia tear into the space between the pelvic fascia and the vaginal wall.

Endoscopy

The visualisation of the internal organs and cavities of the body with illuminated optic instruments such as a laparoscope.

Endothelial cells

Simple cells forming the lining of all blood vessels and lymphatics.

Epididymis

The organ where sperm is stored and matures after it is produced.

Epithelium

The cells which make up the internal and external surfaces of the body such as the skin, inside of the lungs, and the ovaries.

Estradiol

See: Oestradiol.

Estrogen

See: Oestrogen.

Ethamsylate

A drug used to reduce bleeding, particularly if there is a clotting problem.

Expectant management

A “wait and see” approach, which involves no active intervention or treatment. The patient is followed closely to determine if any future action is needed.

Excise / excision

A method of removing diseased tissue by physically cutting it out of the body.

F

Fallopian tube

The narrow tube that carries the egg (ovum) from the ovary to the uterus. Women usually have two fallopian tubes.

Fallopian tube sperm perfusion (FSP)

When a large number of sperm are deposited into the woman’s fallopian tube to improve the chance of conception.

Fascia

Connective tissue supporting organ structures. Consisting of mostly collagen fibres, this tissue makes up ligaments and keeps muscular bundles together as well as lending structural integrity and strength to the body.

Fecundity

Ability to reproduce.

Female Kallman’s Syndrome

A condition characterised by infantile sexual development and an inability to smell. Since the pituitary cannot produce LH and FSH, the woman must take hormone supplements to achieve puberty, to maintain secondary sex characteristics, and to achieve fertility.

FER

Frozen embryo replacement.

Ferning

A pattern characteristic of dried cervical mucus viewed on a slide. When the fern pattern appears, the mucus has been thinned and prepared by oestrogen for the passage of sperm. If it does not fern, the mucus will be hostile to the passage of the sperm.

Fertilisation

The penetration of the egg by the sperm and fusion of genetic materials to result in the development of the embryo. It normally occurs inside the fallopian tube (in vivo) but may also occur in a petri dish (in vitro). See also ‘In Vitro Fertilisation (IVF)’.

Fertility

The capacity to initiate or support conception.

Fertility specialist

A physician specialising in the practice of fertility.

Fertility treatment

Any method or procedure used to enhance fertility or increase the likelihood of pregnancy. The goal of fertility treatment is to help couples have a child.

Fertility workup

The initial medical examinations and tests performed to diagnose or narrow down the cause of fertility problems.

Fibroid (myoma or leiomyoma)

A non-cancerous tumor of fibrous tissue that may occur in the uterine (womb) wall.

Fimbria

The opening of the fallopian tube near the ovary. When stimulated by the follicular fluid released during ovulation, the fingerlike ends grasp the ovary and coax the egg into the tube.

Flurbiprofen

A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID).

Foetus

A term used to refer to a baby during the period of gestation between eight weeks and term.

Follicle

The sac in which an egg develops in the ovary and from where it is released.

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

A hormone produced and released from the pituitary gland that stimulates spermatogenesis and follicular development. In the man FSH stimulates the Sertoli cells in the testicles and supports sperm production. In the woman FSH stimulates the production of oestrogen and follicles in the ovary ready for ovulation.  Elevated FSH levels are indicative of gonadal failure in both men and woman.

Follicular fluid

The fluid inside the follicle that cushions and nourishes the ovum. When released during ovulation, the fluid stimulates the fimbria to grasp the ovary and coax the egg into the fallopian tube.

Follicular phase

The pre-ovulatory portion of a woman’s cycle during which a follicle grows and high levels of oestrogen cause the lining of the uterus to proliferate (thicken). This normally takes between 12 and 14 days.

Fibrinolysis

Treatment used to dissolve blood clots.

G

Gamete

A reproductive cell: Sperm in men, the egg in women.

Gamete intra-fallopian transfer (GIFT)

When eggs are surgically removed from a woman, mixed with sperm, and then placed straight back into the woman’s fallopian tube.

Gastrointestinal

Relating to the digestive system, particularly the stomach and intestine.

Genetic predisposition

Having genes that give a susceptibility to develop a particular disease or condition.

Genitals

The external sex organs: the labia and clitoris in the woman, and the penis and the testicles in the man. Also called genitalia.

Genital prolapse

The dropping down of the vagina or uterus from their usual position.

Genitourinary

Related to the genital and urinary systems of the body.

Genomics

The science that deals with the analysis of DNA (gene activity and expression) in body tissues and fluids with respect to specific diseases.

Germ cell

In the male the testicular cell that divides to produce the immature sperm cells; in the woman the ovarian cell that divides to form the egg (ovum). The male germ cell remains intact throughout the man’s reproductive life; the woman uses up her germ cells at the rate of about one thousand per menstrual cycle, although usually only one egg matures each cycle.

Gland

Hormone producing organ.

Gonadotropins

Hormones (follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and lutenising hormone (LH)), which stimulate the testicles and ovaries to produce sperm or an egg respectively.

Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)

A hormone released from the hypothalamus that controls the synthesis and release of the pituitary hormones, follice stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteneising hormone (LH), which stimulate the gonads.

GnRH analogue – gonadotrophin releasing hormone analogue

A class of drugs that are used to prevent the ovaries from releasing eggs too early during an IVF cycle. There are two types of GnRH analogues: GnRH agonists, which cause a sharp increase of LH and FSH, and GnRH antagonists, which cause immediate suppression of LH (= no “flare-up”). GnRH-analogues are also used to suppress ovarian function in women with endometriosis so that they do not menstruate, known as a medically induced menopause.

Gonad

The gland that makes reproductive cells and ‘sex hormones’, such as the testicles, which make sperm and testosterone, and the ovaries, which produce eggs (ova) and oestrogen.

Gonorrhoea

A sexually transmitted infection (STI) caused by bacteria called neisseria gonorrhoeae or gonococcus. It used to be known as “the clap”.

Gynaecologist

A physician specialised in female health, particularly those of the reproductive and urological organs.

H

Haematoma

A collection of clotted blood (blood clot) that can occur in a wound following surgery or as a result of severe bruising.

Haemoperitoneum

Escape of blood in the peritoneal cavity.

Haemorrhage

A significant loss of blood (if severe enough it may require a blood transfusion).

Haemostasis

The arrest of bleeding.

Hirsutism

Excessive body and facial hair found in women with excess androgens. Frequently seen in those with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCO).

Histology

The laboratory examination of the structure, composition, and function of body tissues.

Homologous

The same as or similar to.

Hormone

A chemical, produced by an endocrine gland, which circulates in the blood stream and has widespread action throughout the body.

Hormone replacement therapy (HRT)

Also referred to as oestrogen replacement therapy. The practice of medically administering oestrogen after the menopause, after procedures such as hysterectomy, or together with menopause-inducing drugs to reduce side effects and reduce medical risks such as osteoporosis.

Hostile mucus

Cervical mucus that impedes the natural progress of sperm through the cervical canal.

Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)

The hormone produced in early pregnancy which keeps the corpus luteum producing progesterone to preserve a pregnancy. Also used via injection to trigger ovulation after some fertility treatments, and used in men to stimulate testosterone production.

Human menopausal gonadotropin (hMG)

A combination of the hormones FSH and LH, which is extracted from the urine of post-menopausal women. Used to induce ovulation in several fertility treatments.

Hypermenorrhea

Excessive uterine bleeding at regular intervals such as with menstruation (the menstrual period).

Hyperplasia

An abnormal increase in the size of an organ or tissue due to excessive growth of new (normal) cells.

Hyperprolactinemia

A condition in which the pituitary gland secretes too much prolactin. Prolactin can suppress LH and FSH production, reduce sex drive in the man, and directly suppress ovarian function in the woman.

Hyperstimulation – ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome

A potentially life-threatening side effect of ovulation induction treatment. Arises when too many follicles develop and hCG is given to release the eggs. This may be prevented by withholding the hCG injection when ultrasound monitoring indicates that too many follicles have matured.

Hyperthyroidism

Overproduction of thyroid hormone by the thyroid gland. The resulting increased metabolism “burns up” oestrogen too rapidly and interferes with ovulation.

Hypogonadotropic hypopituitarism

A spectrum of diseases resulting in low pituitary gland output of LH and FSH. Men with this disorder have low sperm counts and may lose their virility; women do not ovulate and may lose their secondary sex characteristics.

Hypo oestrogenic

Having lower than normal levels of oestrogen.

Hypospermatogenesis

Low sperm production.

Hypothalamus

A part of the brain, the hormonal regulation center, located adjacent to and above the pituitary gland. In both the man and the woman this tissue secretes GnRH every ninety minutes or so. The pulsatile GnRH enables the pituitary gland to secrete LH and FSH, which stimulate the gonads.

Hypothyroidism

A condition in which the thyroid gland produces an insufficient amount of thyroid hormone. The resulting lowered metabolism interferes with the normal breakdown of “old” hormones and causes lethargy. Men will suffer from a lower sex drive and elevated prolactin (see Hyperprolactinemia), and women will suffer from elevated prolactin and estrogen, both of which will interfere with ovulation and fertility.

Hysterectomy

The surgical removal of the uterus. When the ovaries and the fallopian tubes are also removed, it is called hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-oopherectomy. See also our in-depth article on hysterectomy.

Hysterosalpingectomy

The surgical removal of the uterus and the fallopian tubes.

Hysterosalpingogram (HSG)

A specialised x-ray of the pelvic organs in which a radio-opaque dye is injected through the cervix into the uterus and fallopian tubes. This test checks for malformations of the uterus and blockage of the fallopian tubes.

Hysteroscope

A small telescope that is inserted into the vagina to look at the inside of the uterus (womb).

Hysteroscopy

A procedure where the uterus is examined with a hysteroscope to look for any abnormality. Minor surgical repairs can be carried out during the procedure.

Hysterotomy

An incision / cut into the uterus (womb).

I

Iatrogenic

A complication, problem, or adverse reaction as a result of medical treatment.

Ibuprofen

A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) that is used to relieve pain, fever, and inflammation.

Idiopathic infertility

The term used to describe unexplained infertility.

Idiopathic menorrhagia

Heavy menstrual bleeding with no known cause.

Immune system

The system within the body that secures against harmful substances; it enables the body to recognise materials as foreign to itself and to neutralise, eliminate, or metabolise them with or without injury to its own tissues.

Imperforate hymen

A condition where the membrane (hymen) covering the vagina fails to open and allow menstrual flow.

Implantation

The embedding of an embryo into the lining (endometrium) of the uterus so it can establish contact with the mother’s blood supply for nourishment.

Impotence

The inability to have or maintain an erection of the penis.

Incidence

New occurrences of a disorder per year.

Incontinence

Poor or no control over passing urine or bowel movements.

Infertility

The inability to conceive after a year of unprotected sexual intercourse or the inability to carry a pregnancy to term.

Infertility specialist

A physician who specialises in treating those with infertility. Most are board-certified reproductive endocrinologists, but some gynaecologists have considerable experience in infertility and may be considered experts in the field.

Inhibin

A male feedback hormone made in the testicles to regulate FSH production by the pituitary gland.

Inhibin-F (Folliculostatin)

A female feedback hormone made in the ovary to regulate FSH production by the pituitary gland.

Inflammation

A tissue reaction to irritation, injury or infection, marked by localised warmth, swelling, redness and pain.

Informed consent

A contractual agreement between a patient and a physician, whereby the patient gives permission to undergo a certain procedure based on as clear an understanding of the issue as is possible. This understanding should be based on information on and explanation of the procedure and the options available to the patient.

Insemination

The insertion of semen into the uterus through the cervix.

In situ

In situ means that something is confined to one place (ie. it hasn’t spread or moved anywhere).

Intercurrent illness

An illness that occurs during another illness.

Intermenstrual bleeding

Bleeding that occurs in the middle of a cycle between menstrual periods.

Intra-abdominal

Inside the abdominal cavity.

Intra-cytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI)

An egg is surgically removed from a woman and injected with a single sperm. If fertilisation is successful the embryo is placed into the woman’s uterus. This technique is used when a male partner has a low sperm count or other sperm related problem.

Intramural extension

Something that extends from within the wall of an organ in the body.

Intramuscular injection

A shot that is inserted into the muscle. Some IVF drugs are administered into the muscle, usually in the upper hip.

Intrauterine

Inside the uterus (womb).

Intrauterine artificial insemination homologous (IAIH)

Artificial insemination where the male’s sperm is injected directly into the woman’s uterus to avoid cervical mucus problems or to maximise the potential for poor semen.

Intrauterine device (IUD)

A device placed into the uterus to prevent pregnancy.

Intrauterine insemination (IUI)

The mechanical insertion of semen into the uterus through the cervix.

Intravaginal

Within the vagina.

In Vitro Fertilisation (IVF)

In vitro means “in glass.” It is a procedure in which an egg is removed from a ripe follicle and fertilised by a sperm cell outside the human body – the fertilised egg is allowed to divide in a protected environment for about two days and the resulting embryo is then inserted into the uterus.

Intrauterine insemination (IUI)

A technique in which sperm are introduced directly into a woman’s cervix or uterus to produce pregnancy, with or without ovarian stimulation to produce multiple eggs.

K

Kallman’s syndrome

A congenital hypothalamus dysfunction which has multiple symptoms including the failure to complete puberty.

Karyotyping

A test performed to analyse chromosomes for the presence of genetic defects.

Klinefelter’s syndrome

A genetic abnormality characterised by having one Y (male) and two X (female) chromosomes. May cause a fertility problem.

L

Laparoscope

The instrument used to perform a laparoscopy. It is a long tube with a fibre-optic telescope  and light attached to it which can be inserted into a hole in the abdominal wall for viewing the internal organs.

Laparoscopy

A surgical procedure used as the primary means of diagnosing and treating endometriosis. A laparoscope is inserted into the belly button through which the surgeon can view the inside of the abdomen. Additional instruments can be inserted into other small incisions to remove or destroy endometriosis.

Laparoscopic uterine nerve ablation (LUNA)

The cutting of nerves in the uterus to stop chronic pain. It is no longer recommended as a treatment for endometriosis.

Laparotomy

Open abdominal surgery.

Laser ablation

A method of destroying endometriosis using a concentrated beam of light.

Lavage

A washing out procedure used in the removal of an embryo from a donor woman.

Leiomyoma

See: Fibroids.

Leydig cell

The testicular cell that produces the male hormone testosterone. The Leydig cell is stimulated by LH from the pituitary gland.

Ligaments

A series of structures supporting the internal female genitalia within the pelvis. Ligaments associated with the female reproductive tract are the “broad”, the “uterine”, and the “ovarian”.

Live birth rate

The rate of live births per cycle. Also known as “take home rate”.

Luteal phase

The days of the menstrual cycle, following ovulation and ending with menstruation (if the woman doesn’t become pregnant).  During this phase progesterone is produced (which causes the uterine lining to thicken to support the implantation and growth of an embryo).

Luteal phase defect (LPD)

A condition that occurs when the uterine lining does not develop adequately because of inadequate progesterone stimulation, or because of the inability of the uterine lining to respond to progesterone stimulation. LPD may prevent embryonic implantation or cause an early miscarriage.

Luteinising hormone (LH)

A pituitary hormone produced and released by the pituitary gland to  stimulate the gonads. In the man LH is necessary for spermatogenesis (Sertoli cell function) and for the production of testosterone (Leydig cell function). In the woman LH is necessary for the production of oestrogen. When oestrogen reaches a critical peak, the pituitary releases a surge of LH (the LH spike), which releases the egg from the follicle.

LH surge

The release of luteinising hormone (LH) that causes the release of a mature egg from the follicle. Ovulation test kits detect the sudden increase of LH, signaling that ovulation is about to occur (usually within 24-36 hours).

Luteinised unruptured follicle (LUF) syndrome

A condition in which the follicle develops and changes into the corpus luteum without releasing an egg.

M

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

A radiology procedure where it is possible to look at tissues inside the body that have a high fat or water content that cannot be seen using other radiology techniques such as x-ray and ultrasound.

Malignant

Abnormal, invasive, cell growth that progresses. It is usually described as cancer.

Mefenamic acid

A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, which reduces inflammation, pain, and menstrual blood loss. See also: NSAIDs

Menarche

The start of menstruation (in adolescence); the first menstrual period.

Menopause

The transition between the reproductive and post-reproductive stages in a women’s life, or when a woman’s ovaries stop producing eggs and the monthly menstruation stops. The woman is no longer able to conceive.

Menorrhagia

Heavy or prolonged menstrual bleeding.

Menotropins

See: Human menopausal gonadotropin

Menses

See: Menstruation

Menstruation (menstrual period / bleeding)

The physiologic cyclical shedding of the uterine endometrium (the lining of the uterus), if a woman has not become pregnant. It is characterised by vaginal bleeding of three to seven days’ duration.

Mesovarium

The upper free portion of the broad ligament, above the proper ovarian ligament and investing the Fallopian tube.

Metaplasia

Abnormal (non-cancerous) cells in the lining of the abdominal and/or pelvic cavities.

Metrorrhagia

Menstrual spotting during the middle of the cycle.

Microbiota
The range of microorganisms that may be commensal, symbiotic, or pathogenic found in and on all multicellular organisms.

Microbiome

A microbiome is the community of microorganisms that can usually be found living together in any given habitat.

Micro-epididymal sperm aspiration (MESA)

A technique for removing sperm from men who have sperm-related problems.

Microorganism

An organism of microscopic size, which may exist in its single-celled form or as a colony of cells.

Miscarriage

Spontaneous loss of an embryo or foetus from the womb.

Mittleschmerz

Pain in the lower abdomen at the time of ovulation.

Mobile uterus

A uterus that moves freely when examined (ie. normal).

Monozygotic twins

Identical twins, which are thought to arive by cleavage of a single embryo into two halves.

Morbidity

A diseased state/character, or ill health. Within a population it refers to the number of sick persons or cases of disease recorded.

Morphology

The study of the shape and structure of sperm (an evaluation that is part of a semen analysis).

Mortality

Death.

Motility

The abillity of sperm to move spontaneously (an evaluation that is part of a semen analysis).

Mucosa

Epithelial tissue encountered in the mouth, vagina, anus, etc.

Multiple pregnancies

A pregnancy that involves more than one foetus. For example, twins, triplets, and quadruplets are all multiple pregnancies. Multiple pregnancies are a risk associated with IVF.

Myofascial pain

An often chronic condition affecting the fascia (connective tissue which covers the muscles), which may involve either a single muscle or whole muscle group. The area where pain is experienced may not be where the pain generator is located (known as “referred pain”).

Myoma

See: Fibroids.

Myomectomy

Surgery performed to remove fibroids.

Myometrium

The middle, muscular, layer of the uterus (which is what is affected if you have adenomyosis).

N

Necrosis / necrotic

Dead / dying tissue.

Neonatology

The subspecialty of paediatrics providing dedicated and specialist care for sick babies around the time of birth and for the first weeks of life.

Neoplasia

The development of a tumour that can be either benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous).

Neoplasm

Any new or abnormal growth, such as a tumour that can be either benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous).

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)

NSAIDs are a type of painkiller that reduces inflammation, pain, and prostaglandin levels.

Norethisterone

A progesterone only oral contraceptive pill, often used for controlling menstrual blood loss. See also: Progestins.

O

Obstetrician

A specialist gynaecologist specialised in looking after pregnant women and the delivery of babies.

Obstetrics

The medical specialty of caring for pregnant women and delivering babies.

Oestradiol / Oestrogen

The female sex hormone produced in the ovary. Its production is signaled by the pituitary gland in the brain and is responsible for formation of the female secondary sex characteristics. It supports the growth of the follicle and the development of the uterine lining. At mid-cycle the peak oestrogen level triggers the release of the LH spike from the pituitary gland. The LH spike is necessary for the release of the ovum from the follicle. Fat cells can also produce oestrogen, and this is known as aromatase.

Oestrogen replacement therapy

See: Hormone replacement therapy (HRT).

Oligomenorrhea

Infrequent menstrual periods.

Oligospermia

When there is hardly any sperm in the semen.

Omentum

A membranous double layer of fatty tissue that covers and supports the intestines and organs in the lower abdominal area.

Oncology

The branch of medicine concerned with the study of and treatment of cancer.

Oocyte

The egg; the reproductive cell from the ovary / the female gamete.

Oocyte retrieval

A surgical procedure to collect the eggs contained within the ovarian follices.

Oophorectomy

Removal of one or both ovaries.

Open procedure

When abdominal or pelvic surgery is carried out using a full abdominal incision. See also: Laparotomy.

Ovarian cyst

A fluid-filled sac inside the ovary. An ovarian cyst may be found in conjunction with ovulation disorders, tumors of the ovary, and endometriosis. See also endometrioma.

Ovarian failure

The inability of the ovary to respond to any gonadotropin hormone stimulation. This is usually due to the absence of follicular tissue on a genetic basis or due to menopause.

Ovarian follicle

The ovum (egg) together with its surrounding cells, located within the ovary.

Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome

A potentially life-threatening side effect of ovulation induction treatment. Arises when too many follicles develop and hCG is given to release the eggs. This may be prevented by withholding the hCG injection when ultrasound monitoring indicates that too many follicles have matured.

Ovary / ovaries

The sexual gland of the woman which produces the hormones oestrogen and progesterone and which the ova (eggs) are developed. There are two ovaries: one on each side of the pelvis and they are connected to the uterus (womb) by the fallopian tubes.

Ovum / ova

The egg(s) cell(s) produced in the ovaries each month (also known as an oocyte).

Ovulation

The mid-cyclical occurrence when an egg is released from the ovary and picked up by the fallopian tubes and guided into the uterus where it will either be fertilised or discarded with menstruation.

Ovulation induction

The use of female hormone therapy to stimulate ovulation.

Ovulation predictor test

A home test kit that help women detect the ‘LH surge’ in their urine. A surge in the level of luteinising hormone (LH) causes ovulation.

Ovulatory failure

See: Anovulation

P

Panbypopituitarism

Complete pituitary gland failure.

Pap smear

A screening test for pre-cancerous changes of the uterine cervix.

Parity

Number of babies where the gestation went to term (ie. which a woman has given birth to).

Patent

The condition of being open, as with the fallopian tubes that form part of the reproductive organs.

Pathology

The abnormality in the body caused by a disease process.

Pelvic floor dysfunction

Disorders of the pelvic floor related to physiological or anatomical abnormalities. They include incontinence, prolapse, pain syndromes, and others.

Pelvic floor

The floor of the abdominal cavity. It pertains to those structures that form the natural bottom of the pelvic and intra-abdominal cavities.

Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)

An infection in the pelvis or female reproductive organs,  that can be caused by a variety of bacteria and can attack various pelvic organs. If left untreated, scar tissue can develop and lead to infertility.

Pelvic ultrasound

A procedure in which ultrasound is used to check for structural abnormalities or other problems in the female reproductive system.

Percutaneous epididymal sperm aspiration (PESA)

PESA is the collection of sperm under local anaesthesia by needle aspiration of the epididymis.

Perforation

A hole or rupture of an organan or other part of the body caused by trauma, surgery, or a weak spot.

Perimetrium

The outer lining, layer / muscular coat, of the uterus.

Peri-menopause / menopausal

When a woman’s body starts transitioning to menopause.

Perineal

The thickened part between the anal and vaginal openings.

Peritoneum

A smooth membrane lining the walls of the abdominal and pelvic cavities and enclosing the organs.

Petechiae

Very small non-raised spots.

Pictorial chart

A visual representation of data that uses pictograms (icons or pictures in relative sizes) to highlight data patterns and trends.

Pituitary gland

The master gland: the gland that is stimulated by the hypothalamus and controls all hormonal functions. Located at the base of the brain just below the hypothalamus, this gland controls many major hormonal factories throughout the body including the gonads, the adrenal glands, and the thyroid gland.

Placenta

The embryonic tissue that invades the uterine wall and provides a mechanism for exchanging the baby’s waste products for the mother’s nutrients and oxygen. The baby is connected to the placenta by the umbilical cord.

Plasminogen activators

Enzymes which dissolve blood clots.

Plasminogen activator inhibitors

Drugs used to reduce menstrual blood loss.

Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS)

A condition characterised by excessive production of androgens (male sex hormones) and the presence of multiple cysts in the ovaries due to arrested follicular growth. This creates an imbalance in the amount of LH and FSH relased during the ovulatory cycle. Though PCOS can be without symptoms, some include weight gain, acne, and excessive hair growth.

Polygenic

A condition or disease that is determined by several different genes (multifactorial pattern of inheritance).

Post-coital

Symptoms after sexual intercourse; for example, it can be bleeding or pain.

Posterior

Bottom or lower.

Post-menopause / menopausal

After the menopause.

Postpartum

After delivery. This period lasts until six weeks after delivery.

Pouch of Douglas

A ‘pouch’ situated between the uterus and the sigmoid colon. A common place to find endometriosis.

Pre-embryo

The fertilised egg that is produced outside the uterus during IVF.

Pre-implantation genetic diagnosis (PGD)

PGD is a diagnostic technique involving genetic tests on an embryo. Generally done when the embryo is at the six to eight cell stage when one cell is removed for analysis of its DNA or chromosomes to determine whether or not the embryo is likely to develop a genetic disease.

Pre-implantation genetic screening (PGS)

PGS uses genetic techniques to check if an embryo has the right number of chromosomes. Although used particularly for older women (at increased risk of chromosomal abnormalities) and for women who have had recurrent miscarriage (often due to chromosomal abnormalities), it is still in the experimental phase, since it is not yet evidence based.

Premature menopause

Menopause that occurs naturally before the age of 40. Also known as premature ovarian failure.

Premature ovarian failure

A condition where the ovary runs out of follicles before the normal age associated with menopause.

Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) / premenstrual tension (PMT)

A range of distressing physical and emotional changes prior to menstruation (the menstrual period) which are mostly relieved once the period begins.

Pre-operative

Before the operation.

Pre-sacral neurectomy (PSN)

A surgical procedure in which nerves at the back of the uterus are severed in an attempt to eliminate or reduce pain. This is no longer recommended in the treatment of endometriosis.

Prevalence

Occurrence of a disorder in the general population. Ie. endometriosis has an estimated prevalence of one in ten reproductive-aged women (and those assigned female at birth) which equates to a prevalence of ~190 million affected worldwide.

Primary infertility

Infertility in a woman who has never had a pregnancy.

Progesterone

The hormone secreted by the corpus luteum of the ovary after ovulation has taken place.  It thickens the lining of the uterus to prepare it to accept implantation of a fertilised egg and is also produced by the placenta during pregnancy.

Prognosis

Prediction of the most likely future outcome.

Prolactin

The hormone that stimulates the production of milk in breastfeeding women.

Prolapse

Falling out of, falling down, or dropping, bulging. Mostly referred to in connection with the womb or the bladder.

Prostaglandin

A hormone secreted by the uterine lining (endometrium), which is often responsible for the contractions of smooth muscles such as the uterus. Prostaglandins keep blood pressure low and influence hormone activity.

Proteomics

The science that deals with the analysis of proteins (presence, activity, function, dysfunction) in body tissues and fluids with respect to specific diseases

Pruritis

Itching.

Psoas muscle

A long muscle located on the side of the lumbar region of the vertebral column and brim of the lesser pelvis. It is believed to be one of the most important core muscles.

Psoriasis

A chronic skin disease characterised by reddish patches covered with silvery scales, occurring mostly on the knees, elbows, scalp, and trunk.

Puberty

The time of life when the body begins making adult levels of sex hormones (oestrogen or testosterone) and the youngster takes on adult body characteristics: developing breasts, growing a beard, pubic hair, and auxiliary hair; attaining sexual maturity.

Pudendal nerve

A sensory, autonomic and motor nerve carrying signals to and from genitals, anal area, and urethra. Generally, there are three branches of the nerve on each side of the body: rectal, perineal, and clitoral or penile.

Pudendal neuralgia

A type of neuropathic pain caused by entrapment, compression, or tension of the pudendal nerve. The primary symptom is pain in the genitals or anal-rectal area, which may be worsened by sitting. Also referred to as Alcock’s syndrome or pudendal canal syndrome.

Pyrexia

A high temperature, often associated with infection.

R

Recurrent miscarriage

Three or more miscarriages. Also know as recurrent pregnancy loss.

Rectocele

Prolapse of the rectum into the vagina. This can be seen as a bulge from the lower wall of the vagina.

Recto-vaginal septum

The fascial layer which separates the vagina from the rectum.

Reproductive endocrinologist (RE)

A sub-specialist doctor, who is dedicated to the treatment of infertility. An RE has gone through advanced training to understand female hormones, the causes of infertility, and the latest infertility treatments. An RE is capable of handling very complex infertility cases.

Resection

Surgical excision (removal by cutting) of a portion of an organ or other structure in the body.

Resectoscope

A surgical tool for scraping off the lining of the uterus.

Resistant ovary

An ovary that cannot respond to the follicle-stimulating message sent by FSH. Primitive germ cells will be present in the ovary; however, they will not respond to FSH stimulation.

Rugae

Folds of mucous membrane.

Ruptured ectopic pregnancy

Ectopic pregnancy that has eroded or torn through the tissue in which it has implanted, producing haemorrhage (bleeding) from exposed vessels.

S

Sacroiliac

A joint in lower back where the spine meets the pelvis. A number of conditions, including endometriosis, may cause discomfort in this area.

Sacrospinous ligament

Ligament attaching the ischial spine to the sacrum.

Salpingectomy

Surgical removal of the fallopian tube.

Salpingitis

Inflammation of the fallopian tube.

Salpingostomy / fimbrioplasty

Surgical repair made to the fallopian tubes; a procedure used to open the fimbria.

Secondary infertility

The inability to conceive and carry a baby to term after one or more successful pregnancies. In other words: it refers to a couple that has one or more biological children. but is unable to conceive another.

Semen

A thick white fluid produced in the reproductive organs of men. It usually contains the sperm cells produced in the testicles.

Sepsis

An infection that has spread throughout the body.

Septate uterus

A uterus divided into right and left halves by a wall of tissue (septum). Women with a septate uterus have an increased risk of early pregnancy loss.

Serum screening

The systematic testing of blood to check for exposure to disease or the presence of a disorder that can be detected in the blood.

Sertoli cells

One of the most important cells necessary for sperm production in males.

Sexually transmitted disease (STD)

An infection that is spread by sexual contact. Also called a sexually transmitted infection (STI).

Sonogram

See: Ultrasound

Sperm (spermatoza)

The microscopic cell that carries the male’s genetic information to the female’s egg; the male reproductive cell; the male gamete.

Spermatogenesis

A cell differentiation process that ensures the production of fertilising sperm, which ultimately fuse with an egg to form a zygote. Normal spermatogenesis relies on Sertoli cells, which preserve cell junctions while providing nutrients for male germ cells

Sperm bank

A place where sperm are kept frozen in liquid nitrogen for later use in artificial insemination.

Stem cell

A “blank” cell, capable of becoming another cell such as a skin cell, a muscle cell, or nerve cell.

Sterility

An irreversible condition that prevents conception.

Stillbirth

The death of a foetus between the twentieth week of gestation and birth.

Stress urinary incontinence

Incontinence related to episodes of increased intra-abdominal pressure, thus leakage of urine.

Stroma

The internal tissue that makes up an organ / body part or structure.

Subcutaneous injection

A shot that is inserted under the skin, including the upper thigh, abdomen, or upper arm.

Superovulation

Stimulation of multiple ovulation with fertility drugs; also known as controlled ovarian hyperstimulation (COH).

T

Testicular sperm extraction (TESE)

TESE is a technique for removing sperm from the testicles. This is used for men who have had a vasectomy or have some other blockage.

Testes

See: Testicles

Testicles

Two small organs that are located at the base of the male’s penis and in which sperm are produced.

Testosterone

The most potent male hormone, produced in the testicles, responsible for the formation of secondary sex characteristics and for supporting the sex drive. Testosterone is also necessary for spermatogenesis.

Thromboembolisis (thromboembolic event)

Blood clotting or embolism when a blood clot comes away from the wall of a blood vessel and travels through the blood stream to another site.

Thrombogenic event (thrombosis)

Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) where a blood clot gets lodged in a blood vessel and blocks the blood flow.

Thyroid conditions

Any condition in which the thyroid is not functioning properly, such as underactive (hypo) or overactive (hyper) thyroid.

Thyroid gland

The endocrine gland in the front of the neck that produces thyroid hormones to regulate the body’s metabolism.

Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

TSH is a glycoprotein hormone produced by the anterior (upper) pituitary. It is the primary stimulus for thyroid hormone production by the thyroid gland. It also exerts growth effects on thyroid follicular cells leading to enlargement of the thyroid.

Tranexamic acid

An antifibrinolytic drug used to reduce menstrual blood loss.

Transvaginal ultrasound

An ultrasound which sends into the pelvic cavity and receives ultrasonic waves through the vagina by using a probe placed inside the vagina.

Trichomonas

An infection that may produce a greenish, bad-smelling, vaginal discharge.

Trimester

One-third of the length of a pregnancy (3 months).

Tubal ligation

A type of female sterilisation in which the fallopian tubes are cut, clipped, or tied in order to prevent pregnancy.

Tubal patency

A term used to describe when the fallopian tubes are intact and unblocked so that they are capable of receiving sperm and transporting a fertilised egg to the uterus.

Tuberculosis (TB)

A bacterial infection spread through inhaling tiny droplets from the coughs or sneezes of an infected person. TB mainly affects the lungs. However, it can affect any part of the body, including the glands, bones, and nervous system.

Tubocornual anastomosis

Surgery performed to remove a blocked portion of the fallopian tube and to reconnect the tube to the uterus. Tubouterine implantation may also be performed to remove fallopian tube blockage near the uterus and reimplant the tube in the uterus.

Tubotubal anastomosis

Surgery performed to remove a diseased portion of the fallopian tube and reconnect the two ends; sterilisation reversal.

Tumour necrosis factor (TNF)

A molecule that is important in inflammation. TNF binding protein blocks the activity of TNF and selectively inhibits inflammation.

Turner’s syndrome

The most common genetic defect contributing to female fertility problems. The ovaries fail to form and appear as slender threads of atrophic ovarian tissue, referred to as streak ovaries. Karyotyping will reveal that the woman has only one female (X) chromosome instead of two.

U

Ultrasound / Ultrasonography

A test used to visualise the inside of the body. The instrument works by bouncing high frequency sound waves off the organs, and a picture displayed on a monitor shows the internal organs.

Umbilical cord

Two arteries and one vein encased in a gelatinous tube leading from the baby to the placenta. Used to exchange nutrients and oxygen from the mother for waste products from the baby.

Unexplained infertility

Infertility for which the cause cannot be determined with currently available diagnostic techniques.

Unicornuate uterus

An abnormality in which the uterus is “one sided” and smaller than usual.

Ureter

The muscular tubes carrying urine from the kidneys to the bladder.

Urethra

The tube that allows urine to pass between the bladder and the outside of the body.

Urinary retention

A build up of urine due to difficulty with passing it normally.

Urinary stress incontinence

Poor or no control of passing urine, as well as ‘leaking’ due to slack pelvic floor muscles.

Urinary tract disorders (UTD)

Disorders of the urinary tract causing painful urination, frequency of urination, and/or urine leakage, such as interstitial cystitis. Sometimes confused with the symptoms of endometriosis on the bladder.

Uterine cavity

The pelvic space where the uterus (womb) is situated.

Uterine fibroids

See: Fibroids

Uterine polyps

Abnormal, benign (non-cancerous) growths attached to a short stalk that protrudes from the inner surface of a woman’s uterus.

Urinary incontinence

Urinary incontinence related to bladder muscle contractions which occur involuntarily and in the setting of an inability to suppress those contractions.

Urinary obstruction

Inability to pee.

Urodynamic assessment

Dynamic testing of the urological system whereby pressure differentials are measured.

Urologist

A physician specialising in the genitourinary tract.

Uterosacral ligaments

Ligaments attaching the lower part of the uterus to the sacral bone. One of the main supports of the uterus and upper vagina, and a common place to find endometriosis.

Uterovaginal prolapse

A prolapse involving both the uterus and vagina dropping from their normal places.

Uterus (womb)

The hollow, pear shaped organ located in a woman’s lower abdomen (pelvis) between the bladder and the rectum. The uterus is where a fertilised egg implants and the resulting foetus is nourished during pregnancy. Also referred to as ‘womb’.

V

Vagina

The canal leading from the cervix to the outside of the woman’s body; the birth passage.

Vaginal atrophy

A decrease in size and shrinkage of the vagina. It usually occurs after the menopause and can cause symptoms such as vaginal dryness, itching, and painful intercourse.

Vaginismus

Painful spasm of the vagina on vaginal entry, ie. during penetrative sexual intercourse.

Vaginitis

Inflammation of the vagina.

Vaporisation

A method of destroying endometriosis by boiling of the cellular water with a laser or electrosurgical knife.

Vas Deferens

A thick-walled tube going from a man’s testicles into the ejaculatory duct. This tube carries the sperm from the epididymis (where the sperm is stored and nurtured) to the penis.

Vasectomy

The elective surgical separation of the vasa deferential – a procedure used for birth control.

Vault haematoma

A blood clot in the vagina or vaginal vault.

Venereal disease (VD)

Any infection that can be sexually transmitted, such as chlamydia, gonorrhea, ureaplasma, and syphilis.

Venous

Having, characterised by, or composed of veins, the vessels of the body that return blood from arms, legs and organs back to the heart.

Vulva

The female external genital organs.

Vulvodynia

Painful vulva, also sometimes associated with urinary symptoms, painful intercourse and generalised pelvic pain.

X

X chromosome

The congenital, developmental, or genetic information in the cell that transmits the information necessary to make a female. All eggs contain one X chromosome, and half of all sperm carry an X chromosome. When two X chromosomes combine, the baby will be a girl. See also: Y chromosome.

Y

Y chromosome

The congenital, developmental, or genetic information in the cell that  transmits the information necessary to make a male. The Y chromosome can be found in one-half of the man’s sperm cells. When an X and a Y chromosome combine, the baby will be a boy. See also: X chromosome.

Z

Zona pellucida

The outer protein coat (shell) of an ovum (egg), which must be penetrated by a sperm cell for fertilisation to take place.

Zygote

A fertilised egg which has not yet divided.

Zygote intra-fallopian transfer (ZIFT)

An assisted reproduction technology (ART) in which eggs are removed from a woman’s ovaries, fertilised with the man’s sperm in a lab dish, and the resulting embryos are transferred into the woman’s fallopian tubes during a minor surgical procedure.

See also

• Endometriosis
• Support for those with endometriosis
• News in endometriosis